International Conference on Project Management 2022 

 

Analysis of the solidarity economy in rural tourism 
 

Jorge Alexander Mora Forero  

jorge.mora@uniagustiniana.edu.co 

 

Alvelayis Nieto Mejía  

alvelayis.nieto@uniagustiniana.edu.co 

 

 

Abstract—This article analyzes the development of 

rural community-based tourism based on a case study in the 

municipality of Sibaté in the department of Cundinamarca, 

Colombia. The objective of this article is to identify the factors 

that determine tourism development in the rural territory and its 

relationship with the communities and territorial appropriation. 

For this purpose, a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of 

tourism development and its relationship with territorial 

appropriation is carried out. On this basis interviews were 

conducted with community members. The results show the 

most determining factors in the development of tourism and the 

appropriation of the community and others with lower priority. 

In conclusion, it is observed that there is a great appropriation 

on the part of the community and that the associativity allows 

tourism to develop in a collaborative way; in the same way it is 

an original destination, and it is projected with a great 

prospective. 

 

Keywords— Project management, Rural Tourism, Community 

based tourism, Social economy 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Tourism when developed in rural environments and self- 

managed by the resident community has a greater component 

with sustainability in the territory [1][2]. However, in some 

cases tourism with inadequate management can be an element 

that generates tensions in the territory [3][4]. This dilemma is 

presented by several factors; in some cases, tourism is planned 

by the communities, which generates an appropriation of the 

territory. On the other hand, sometimes community members 

oppose the development of tourism, and this is where the social 

problems of the territory have a greater impact [5]. Rural 

 

community-based tourism has as an axiom the appropriation of 

the community and its incorporation in the development of 

tourism activities [6][7][8]. Likewise, to achieve sustainable 

tourism development, it is essential to carry out activities that 

do not deteriorate natural resources and that generate value for 

the socioeconomic development of the population [9] [10]. In 

this way, it must be sustainable and at the same time authentic, 

because tourists are increasingly seeking original experiences 

[11]. 

 

The development of this research was based on a case study of 

the Agroparque located in the municipality of Sibaté. The 

objective of this research is to identify the factors that determine 

tourism development in the rural territory, its relationship with 

the communities and the solidarity economy. It should be noted 

that the management elements for tourism development vary, 

depending on the characteristics of the community. For this 

reason, this article intends to describe the appropriation and the 

form of management of rural community tourism based on what 

was found in the Sibateando Agropark in the Municipality of 

Sibate Cundinamarca in Bogota. There, a diagnosis is made 

from a dialogue with the community to analyze the 

development of tourism, to know the organization, the potential 

and the development of solidarity economy. 

 

Tourism as part of the economy has been legitimized from a 

conception that includes travel and travel as an economic 

activity. In some cases, this perspective is seen as an object of 

capitalism, which restricts the emergence of other reflections 

and other forms of tourism that resist the planned trip and that 

do achieve some impact within the activity. This is why the 

reflections that contribute to strengthening the disciplinary 

status of tourism fall into the technical and technological forms 

 

 

 



 

International Conference on Project Management 2022 

 

of the field of tourism operations. This priority given to 

practical applications, to the exploration of new tourist 

destinations, and to the strengthening of tourist operators, 

reduce the possibilities of a thoughtful investigative practice 

that contributes to the positioning of tourism as a field of 

knowledge. 

In accordance with the above, it is important to analyze the 

development of rural community tourism as a possibility of 

generating actions that are friendly to the environment, culture, 

and society. This form of tourism generates a series of impacts 

on the territory, such as the appropriation of natural and cultural 

resources, seeking common objectives for the territory. 

However, sustainability actions are required so that these can 

be developed in a sustainable way, for this, it is important that 

the members of the community organize themselves to avoid 

unfair competition. What community tourism aims to do is be 

associative and generate actions that contribute to all members 

of the territory. 

 

 
II. THEORICAL FRAMEWORK 

 

Host communities can practice community-based tourism in a 

sustainable manner from a socioeconomic aspect [6]. The 

community should be included in the process of sustainable 

tourism development, but primarily it should be informed about 

these concepts to know the perception of all parties [12]. It is 

necessary to carry out an efficient diagnosis of the region, 

identify the social, territorial, cultural, and economic elements, 

it should be taken into account that the involvement of the local 

population with visitors can be perceived as a risk or an 

opportunity depending on how it is managed [13]. It is crucial 

to have the union of the community and stakeholders in the 

management, planning process, marketing, and promotion. It is 

of utmost importance to have the support of the State and non- 

governmental organizations [14]. Tourism contributes to 

improving the economic and sociocultural situation of 

indigenous communities, facilitates and promotes critical 

principles such as self-determination, autonomy, reciprocity, 

among others, as well as helping to preserve and care for 

ancestral traditions [15]. 

 

It is necessary to ensure that the community appropriates 

cultural and historical values, generating a sense of belonging 

that allows them to recognize the importance of conserving 

resources and using them responsibly [16]. In many cases it has 

been concluded that governance has not pointedly improved 

democratic practices or open decision making, yet the 

economic dimensions of sustainability were born under 

governance in practice. The underlying institutional power 

structures already in place [17]. Ventures within community- 

based tourism face various challenges regarding the exercise of 

governance as stabilization of community power relations is 

important to improve governance spaces [18]. 

 

There are four key points for the effectiveness of 

local tourism governance, giving it an inclusive, 

responsive, and participatory approach in addressing 

problems is important [19]. Tourist destinations that are 

recognized as successful in applying governance have been 

presented, however, it has been shown that in many of these 

cases there is a failure to comply with certain principles that 

ensure an optimal exercise of governance, therefore, it would 

only be a case of a manifestation of intent, without having led 

to real facts [20]. 

 

Public goods can be maintained even if there are unequal 

contributions since in the face of threats the collective response 

is strong [21]. The degrowth of tourism is a view of different 

approaches in the face of excessive tourism, tourist pressure and 

gentrification, it is a social struggle where the discourse on the 

degrowth of tourism has helped new subjects to unite and 

organize themselves in society [22]. Therefore, the planning of 

proximity tourism is considered a great challenge nowadays. It 

is important to address the peri-urban areas of medium and 

large cities, intermediate spaces of the contemporary urban 

model that until now have been considered as tourist 

geographies [23]. 

 
It should be noted that rural tourism must have elements such as 
infrastructure, environmental conservation, the articulated work 
of the community and local governments [24]. The potential of 
rural areas can bring great value if displayed properly, leaving 
positive effects such as increased employment [25]. Rural areas 
allow a greater interaction of visitors, hence activities such as 
agrotourism encourage tourists to visit them and bond with the 
customs of the place [26]. In addition, tourists seek experiences 
that connect them with the diversity that they can find in rural 
areas [27]. Rural tourism, since the pandemic, can be considered 
a great opportunity to strengthen it [28]. 

 
 

Receiving communities can exercise community tourism in a 
sustainable way from a socioeconomic aspect [29]. Community 
Tourism is a local-based management model, culture and the 
relationship with nature are shown as the main attractions for the 
visitor, in addition to everything it is important to point out that 
community tourism is related to sustainable tourism. Rural 
tourism contributes to local progress, prioritizing sustainable 
development, minimizing poverty and generating local jobs 
[30][31]. Rural tourism must be accompanied by political 
development, where in this aspect it is involved in strategies to 
determine what is there and what should definitely be built. [32]. 

 

Rural community tourism is a significant strategy since, as it 

evolves, it generates identity roots in both the social and natural 

environment [33]. Socio-ecological systems are a set of 

ecological and social relationships that revolve around the 

fundamental resources for the sustenance of civilized life [34]. 

Reason for which the interaction of human beings with nature 

is analyzed, which allows us to understand different 

relationships, which in this case unfold in the rural territory, 

from the tourist activity. However, socio-ecological systems 

require an interdisciplinary approach due to the complexity of 

sustainability. Therefore, this concept requires a greater 



 

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understanding and evaluation of complex sustainability 

phenomena [35]. 

 

The operators that develop social tourism, whether publicly or 

privately, must ensure that they maximize the collective benefit 

of a demand with scarce economic resources [36]. Tourism and 

nature protection are potentially compatible, but the synergy 

between them must be identified. Social and natural systems 

influence each other. The existing interrelation between tourism 

and the landscape allows a better understanding of the 

complexity of the entire system [37]. The local community is 

very important in tourism activity since it is part of the tourist 

experience [38]. Which shows the culture of the place and 

contributes to the preservation of the environment; It is 

necessary to have a pleasant social climate that allows both to 

benefit, without any victim condition being present [39]. 

 

It is important to recognize that community rural tourism is a 

strategy that allows articulating elements of social and 

ecological appropriation. As well as developing the intrinsic 

elements of sustainable development; For this reason, this 

article shows that tourism with a rural and community approach 

has a great possibility, to establish itself as an academic 

reference, compared to the model and the system, because it has 

a greater possibility in the current tourist situation. 

 
 

III. METHODOLOGY 

This article was structured based on a descriptive analysis, for 

which interviews were conducted, which allowed obtaining 

information about the aspects of the social appropriation of 

tourism and the components of the solidarity economy. The 

type of research is a case study that allows knowing the details 

of the place, approaching that reality to record and describe the 

behavior of the people involved in the studied phenomenon. 

This research considered two conceptual categories: rural 

community-based tourism and territorial appropriation. The 

research analyzes rural community tourism from a local 

perspective, this case study makes it possible to recognize the 

tourism phenomenon and the economy, delimiting the object of 

study to a geographical context, in which social and productive 

relations are recognized. This study is analyzed based on what 

was found in Sibateando located in the municipality of Sibaté 

Cundinamarca as shown in Figure 1. 

 

 
 

 
Figure1Location of Sibateando 

 

 

 

 

IV. RESULTS 

 
This is a family tourism initiative; the people who were trained 

to create in their territory what is currently "Sibateando", a 

place with an axiological base focused on the recognition of the 

community and the environment. They have a great potential 

since the area is established as a unique place for the 

development of tourism. The place has an ideal social 

organization, with a vast natural wealth of great importance. 

They offer a tourism product designed mainly for students, in 

which young people and children are taught agricultural and 

livestock activities. 

 

The following table shows the interest of the community in 

participating in the development of the project and whether they 

want to be involved and what positive aspects they consider to 

be developed. 
 

TABLE 1 COMMUNITY INTERÉS IN THE PROJECT 
 

Community-based tourism initiative 2 

Record of strengths and weaknesses to develop 

projects 
2 

The community shows positivism towards tourism 

development 

2 

The community involved in the diagnosis of the 

tourism project 

1 



 

International Conference on Project Management 2022 

 

  
 

OWN ELABORATION 

 

 
 

Table 2 shows the project's potential in terms of natural and 

cultural resources in the territory, showing the large number of 

resources that can be appreciated. As well as services for the 

development of tourism. 

 
 

TABLA 2 POTENCIAL OF THE PROJECT 
 

The project is close to the National Natural Park, a 

protected area. 
2 

They recognize the existence of natural resources 

with tourism potential 
2 

The attractions are unique in relation to the 

competition. 
1 

The natural resources are in good condition 2 

The project identifies and records native flora and 

fauna species. 
2 

The project has an optimal state of conservation of 

cultural heritage 
2 

Infrastructure is in place to facilitate project 

development 
2 

There is an analysis of accessibility, infrastructure, 
and services. 

2 

availability of transportation to access the project 1 

Availability of telecommunications for the tourism 

project 
2 

The project includes emergency and safety plans 2 

The target market segment is identified. 2 

The project is close to the National Natural Park, a 

protected area. 
2 

Total 92% 

 
OWN ELABORATION 

 

Table 3 shows that the community meets all the organizational 

indicators, which shows that the project has ownership actions 

Own elaboration 

 
 

Table 4 shows that the social ties of the inhabitants of the 

communities are very important. People are highly motivated 

and see the project as something positive to highlight; in 

addition, social and cultural manifestations are a fundamental 

aspect of the project. 

 
 

TABLA 4 SOCIAL AN CULTURAL IMPACT 
 

The community influences and motivates the 

realization of the project 
2 

The project generates positive changes in 

community behavior 
2 

There are liberating leisure activities 2 

The project contemplates the inclusion in the 

participation of the tourist activity 
2 

The   project   rescues, values   and enhances 

manifestations of local culture 
2 

The project values culinary tradition 2 

Educational activities are developed to strengthen 

the local culture 
2 

They register in the community strengthening their 

culture 
2 

Total 100% 

 
OWN ELABORATION 

 

Table 5 shows the economic impact of the project, where in 

general the development of the economy is outstanding. There 

are several aspects that need to be improved, such as external 

financing and that the project impacts all members of the 

community. Similarly, the elements of social investment and an 

analysis of the project's indicators should be reviewed. In the 

same way , the value chain must be improved with tourism and 

transportation services, as there are no transportation 

companies that reach this area. 

and that the project was previously planned and discussed 

among the community members; therefore, this is one of the 

aspects to be highlighted in the case study. 

 
 

TABLA 3 COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATION 

TABLA 5 ECONOMIC  IMPACT 

 

Community holds meetings to discuss project 

implementation 
2 

The project has an impact on improving the 

organizational structure 
2 

People attend workshops or trainings for the 
development of the project 

2 

The community has technical and/or professional 

training certificates. 
2 

Total 100% 

 

Levels discussed and debated to reach agreements 

and consensus. 

1 

Total 80% 

 

The project generates an economic benefit for most 
of the community. 

1 

Tourism generates direct employments 2 

Tourism generates indirect employment 2 

There is potential for external financing 1 

Economic resources are sufficient for social 

investment 
1 

Studies have shown that tourists are interested in 

the tourism product. 
2 

The tourism project conducted a payback analysis 

of the investment 
2 

 



 

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TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE OF INDICATORS 
 

Community Interés in the project 80% 

Potencial of the project 92% 

Community-based organization 100% 

Social and cultural impact 100% 

Economic Impact 82% 

 
OWN ELABORATION 

 

The community management is quite promising, there is an 

optimal community development, where the family business 

has well defined functions for its development. Each of the 

members of the community defines a specific role and because 

it is a single leader and family business, all members perform 

the activities according to the requirements of the demand. 

From the economic point of view, all income generated in the 

area is redistributed and reinvested; one of the main 

characteristics of the area is that there is no competition. The 

tourist activity of the site generates direct jobs, but not indirect 

ones. The price is economical compared to other tourism 

initiatives in the department. In summary, Sibateando is an 

initiative that stimulates the economy in the generation of 

employment and considers the community for social and 

economic development. 

V C 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OWN ELABORATION 

 

As can be seen in Table 6, the indicators that stand out the most 

are the social aspects, which means that the project has its 

axioms based on social development and that people's links 

with the project are quite satisfactory. In the same way, it is 

evident that tourism is developed in full harmony with social 

representations, therefore it is an axis that can enhance social 

and cultural representations in a sustainable way. In addition, 

the solidarity economy is an axis that can be improved, but it is 

also essential that the people of the community learn about the 

elements of this type of economy and can generate sustainable 

actions in the territory through social ties. Similarly, in the case 

study, actions are generated so that the communities can market 

their products, and this not only boosts the economy but also 

the social and cultural aspects. In short, there are several aspects 

to improve, but in general terms for the short time that the 

initiative has been in place, there are outstanding indicators in 

the economic aspect and very outstanding in the social 

organization and cultural representations. 

ONCLUSIONS 

 

The solidarity economy aspects are optimal, there is evidence 

of a social investment where part of the economic resources 

incorporate the community. This shows that there is a great 

participation of other economic activities which are developed 

in the territory, it is important to emphasize that the economic 

vision of the place considers sustainable elements. The aspects 

that need to be improved include promoting the value chain, 

where there is a relationship with other local tourism operators 

to promote the region's economy. On the other hand, this 

tourism initiative has a good distribution of financial resources 

and good economic management. The development of the 

solidarity economy requires a social, participatory, and 

equitable organization; although in the case study there is no 

great equity, it can be affirmed that in general the axioms of the 

solidarity economy are elements that are mostly fulfilled in the 

case study. 

 

It can be concluded that the development of the solidarity 

economy is a fundamental aspect for the development of 

community tourism initiatives. Because the two elements have 

common objectives, it is more so if the conceptual development 

of these two categories is analyzed from the literature review, 

it has similarities, since both have a way of developing, they are 

the counter-hegemony of neoliberal economic models. In 

addition, the development of the economy requires a 

community agreement and a democratization of the resources 

used in it. Also, there are axes in common, such as fair trade 

and in both it is important to build a common axiological 

framework to establish common objectives. In summary, there 

are a series of conceptual theoretical relationships in the 

There is an analysis of the return on investment of 

the tourism project. 
1 

Project capacity is higher relative to the 

competition 
2 

The price of the tour package is competitive in 

relation to the competition. 
2 

The distribution chain of the tourism product is 

considered. 
1 

Ease of access to the consumer market 2 

Transportation costs are affordable in relation to 

the competition. 
1 

The tourism product presents innovative elements 

and authenticity 
2 

There is generation of new economic activities for 

the community 
2 

Permanent sources of employment are generated 

for the community. 
2 

Seasonal sources of employment are generated for 

the community. 
2 

Financial resources allow the development of the 

project with the community. 
2 

Investment in personnel training 2 

There is investment in advertising for the sale of 

the tourist package 
1 

Precedence of collective interests over individual 

interests 
2 

Associativity according to cultural identity 2 

Knowledge of the economic and solidarity system 

by the community. 
2 

Development of the solidarity economy 2 

Fair trade development 1 

Democratic control by members 2 

Equitable profit sharing 1 

Accountability or surplus 2 

Total 82% 

 



 

International Conference on Project Management 2022 

 

able  Table Column Head 

Head Table column subhead Subhead 

development of community tourism and the solidarity 

economy, therefore, it is suggested that future research identify 

the relationship between these two aspects through economic 

and theoretical models. 

 

The tourism can incorporate ecology and community 

knowledge as a fundamental aspect for the development of this 

activity. The development of rural tourism has the potential to 

make local social and cultural representations known to 

visitors. For this, elements such as social tourism planning, and 

other elements are required. such as environmental awareness. 

The latter has great potential because many of the travelers seek 

to create tourist activities that are developed in full harmony 

with natural and cultural resources, which also this tourism 

opportunity can represent a greater opportunity to achieve 

processes of appropriation and achieve a better awareness of 

natural and cultural resources. 

This research contributes to the development of solidarity 

economy studies in rural tourism; however, it should be 

considered that the elements presented in this research are 

limited since they are analyzed in a specific context. However, 

it establishes a way to measure and analyze the economic 

elements in rural community tourism initiatives, to recognize 

their interest, potential and how the community appropriates the 

economy and the territory in a sustainable way. It is 

recommended for future research to establish an economic 

model for social organizations as a guideline that will allow the 

communities to have a solidary economic development guide. 

Similarly, the relationship between the concepts of rural 

community-based tourism and social economy should be 

explored in greater depth since there is little literature on the 

relationship between these two elements in the academy. 

[6] Mora, J. A., Yamova, O., & Murtuzalieva, T. (2019). 
Community-Based Tourism as the Leading Approach to 
the Rural Development. In Sustainable Leadership for 
Entrepreneurs and Academics (pp. 503-510). Springer, 
Cham. 

[7] Cáceres-Feria, R., Hernández-Ramírez, M., & Ruiz- 
Ballesteros, E. (2021). Depopulation, community-based 
tourism, and community resilience   in   southwest 
Spain. Journal of Rural Studies, 88, 108-116. 

[8] Giampiccoli, A., Dłużewska, A., & Mnguni, E. M. (2022). 
Host Population Well-Being through Community-Based 
Tourism and Local Control: Issues and   Ways 
Forward. Sustainability, 14(7), 4372. 

[9] Cucari, N., Wankowicz, E., & De Falco, S. E. (2019). 
Rural tourism and Albergo Diffuso: A case study for 
sustainable land-use planning. Land use policy, 82, 105- 
119. 

[10] Knollenberg, W., Arroyo, C. G., Barbieri, C., & Boys, K. 
(2021). Craft beverage tourism development: The 
contributions of social capital. Journal of Destination 
Marketing & Management, 20, 100599. 

[11] Liang, A. R. D. (2022). Consumers as co-creators in 
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motivation and satisfaction. Cogent Business & 
Management, 9(1), 2034389. 

[12] Cárdenas, D. A., Byrd, E. T., & Duffy, L. N. (2015). An 
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Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(4), 254-266. 

[13] Kieffe, M. (2018). Conceptos claves para el estudio del 
Turismo Rural Comunitario. El periplo sustentable, (34), 
8-43. 

[14] Burgos Doria, R. (2016). El turismo comunitario como 
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Subhead 

[17][17] Dredge, Dco.p,y&   WMhoirtefotarbdle, coMpy.
a   

(2013).   Event   tourism    

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